Nanomaterial’s, especially oxides of nanoelements such as nano-titanium dioxideefficiency (G1T2, G1) but there was surface efficiency. (G2T2 = 87%, G2T1 =
93%, G1T1 = 98%, G2 = 74%). Data of photoactivity of surfaces (G2T2, G2T1,
G1T1, G2) in removing Congo red dye were analyzed using several kinetic models
(zero order, First order, second order) .as well it was found that it follows the first
rank. Thermodynamic functions were also calculated, from which it was shown
that the photo removal process is non-spontaneous, regular, and endothermic.The
bacterial activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (T3, T2, T1) was tested as
antibiotics against four types of bacteria (gram positive = Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis) and (gram negative = Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia). It
was found that the titanium dioxide nanorod (T2) is the most effective compared
to the models (T3, T1). Furthermore, its efficiency is close to the efficiency of the
antibiotic (Ceftriaxone) in inhibiting the effectiveness of bacteria (Staphylococcus
aureus), while its efficiency was lower against other types of bacteria compared to
the efficiency of the same antibiotic
water from chemical and biological pollutants. This applies to carbon compounds
including graphite in its oxidized form, which has an important role in these
applications.In this study, anatase type of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (T3, T2,
T1) were prepared using different ratios of oxidizing agents like hydrogen
peroxide, ammonia, mixture of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. The prepared
nanomaterial’s were characterized using several techniques, including Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy. (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission
scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy
(EDX), Raman spectrum, BET analysis and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-
vis). It was found that it has different sizes (T3 = 24.8, T2 = 8.8, T1 = 6.5 nm)
according to XRD spectrum measurements, and it has different surface areas (T3 =
7, T2 = 12 and T1 = 80 g/m2) according to BET analysis data, and it has energies
Gap (T3 = 3.89, T2 = 3.5 and T1 = 3.28 eV ) as well according to the analysis of
the UV-vis spectrum. The results of these analyzes reflect the difference in the
efficiency of models of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to remove (adsorption,
photoactivity in the presence of UV rays) of Congo red dye, where a model (T1)
for adsorption = 77% and photoactivity = 92% compared to the two models (T2)
for adsorption = 68% and photoactivity = 75% and (T3) for adsorption = 10% and
photoactivity = 19%.The graphite was oxidized with a gradual reaction mixture at
sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia, to form activated and oxidized
graphite (G1) The oxidation process was repeated to produce double-oxidized
graphite (G2). It was characterized using several techniques, including Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), diffraction. X-ray ray (XRD), field
emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersion X-ray
spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectrum and BET analysis. Compounds were
prepared between oxidized graphite (G2, G1) and the most efficient titanium
dioxide nanoparticles to produce the composites (G2T2, G2T1, G1T2, G1T1),
which were characterized using several techniques ( FTIR , XRD , FESEM , EDX ,
Raman spectrum and BET analysis).Oxidized graphite and its composites were
tested in the removal of Congo Red dye using the continuous adsorption technique,
where the effect of several factors was studied (contact time, weight of the
adsorbent surface, initial concentration and temperature), where the adsorptio efficiency was as follows (G2T2 = 60, G2T1 = 100, G1T2 = 110, G1T1=125,
G2=100, G1=65 mg/g), Data of the adsorption process of adsorption of Congo red
dye from its aqueous solution by oxidized graphite and its composites were
analyzed kinetically by applying several kinetic models (first order, second order,
and elovic).It was found that they follow second order, which indicates that the
type of adsorption is chemical adsorption. Analyzing the experimental data at
equilibrium by applying several adsorption isotherm models (Freundlich ,
Langmuir, and Temkin). It was found that all surfaces (except G1) follow the
Langmuir isotherm model. That indicates that the adsorption process occurred on
homogeneous surfaces, in addition to that the adsorption is single-layer, while the
surface G1 follows Freundlich isotherm model, which indicates the surface is
heterogeneous and the adsorption is multi-layered.The amount of adsorption
increases with increasing temperature, which indicates the process of adsorption
of Congo red dye by oxidized graphite and its composites is of an endothermic
nature. The thermodynamic functions for the adsorption process were calculated,
and ΔG are negative, ΔS is postive , and ΔH is positive, which indicates the
adsorption process is easy and non-regular and endothermic.Oxidized graphite and
its compositions were tested in removing Congo red dye through photoactivity in
the presence of UV rays. The effect of several factors (irradiation time, initial
concentration and temperature) was studied. It was found that there was no surface
